Brutalist Architecture for beginners

Brutalist architecture is a distinctive style that emerged in the mid-20th century, particularly in the 1950s to the mid-1970s. Characterized by its raw, rugged appearance, massive geometric forms, and extensive use of exposed concrete, Brutalism often evokes a sense of imposing austerity and monumentality.

The term "Brutalism" originates from the French word "béton brut," meaning raw concrete, which encapsulates the fundamental material of this architectural style. Originally coined by the architectural critic Reyner Banham, Brutalism aimed to express an honesty of materials and construction techniques, rejecting ornamentation in favour of functionality and structural integrity.

Brutalist staircase at the back of the Institute of Education in London.
Brutalist staircase at the back of the Institute of Education in London.


Key features of Brutalist architecture include:

  1. Exposed Concrete: Concrete is the predominant material, left exposed to showcase its inherent texture and solidity. The rough, unfinished surfaces emphasize the material's rawness.

  2. Geometric Forms: Buildings often feature bold, geometric shapes, with an emphasis on simple, block-like forms. These structures are characterized by their monumental presence and lack of intricate detailing.

  3. Functionality: Brutalist buildings are typically designed with a focus on functionality and efficiency. They often serve urban purposes such as government buildings, universities, or housing complexes.

  4. Scale and Mass: Brutalist architecture often emphasizes scale and mass, with buildings appearing large, heavy, and imposing. This quality is enhanced by the use of massive concrete elements.

  5. Minimalism: Minimalism rather than ornamentation, with emphasis placed on the expression of structure and materials. Details are often reduced to a minimum or eliminated altogether.

  6. Raw Aesthetic: Brutalist architecture embraces an aesthetic of rawness and honesty, celebrating the inherent qualities of materials and the construction process. Imperfections and textures are left visible, contributing to the style's distinctive appearance.

Brutalism gained popularity in the post-war period as a symbol of modernity, progress, and social idealism. It was favoured by many architects for its honesty, structural clarity, and potential for monumental expression. However, Brutalism also drew criticism for its perceived harshness, lack of warmth, and association with urban decay.

While many Brutalist structures have faced demolition or neglect over the years, the style has experienced a resurgence of interest in recent decades, with efforts to preserve and rehabilitate notable examples. Today, Brutalism continues to provoke debate and fascination as a distinctive chapter in architectural history. In the UK now a number of these buildings have grade II or grade I listings, preserving them for the future.